盧安達央行推動雄心勃勃的零售 CBDC 項目

Rwanda Central Bank Embarks on Innovative Retail CBDC Project

盧安達央行啟動創新零售 CBDC 項目

The National Bank of Rwanda (BNR) has unveiled its comprehensive feasibility study on a retail central bank digital currency (CBDC), now open for public feedback.

盧安達國家銀行（BNR）公佈了其關於零售央行數位貨幣（CBDC）的全面可行性研究，現已開放徵求公眾回饋。

BNR envisions a national digital currency tailored to Rwanda's unique conditions, leveraging technological advancements and addressing local challenges. A retail CBDC would accelerate the country's cashless economy initiative and bolster the resilience of its financial system, which faces intermittent power outages.

BNR 設想一種針對盧安達獨特條件、利用技術進步並解決當地挑戰的國家數位貨幣。零售 CBDC 將加速該國的無現金經濟計劃，並增強其面臨間歇性斷電的金融體系的彈性。

Despite its cashless aspirations, the central bank estimates spending $35 million on printing and maintaining its cash supply over the next five years.

儘管有無現金的願望，央行預計在未來五年內將花費 3,500 萬美元用於印刷和維持現金供應。

BNR proposes an interest-free, intermediated CBDC that seamlessly integrates with existing payment systems and potentially other CBDCs, subject to amendments to the Central Bank Act. The recommended model is token-based, enabling offline transfers via Bluetooth or Near Field Communication (NFC) without requiring smartphones. This contrasts with current electronic payment options.

BNR 提出了一種無息、中介的 CBDC，可以與現有支付系統和潛在的其他 CBDC 無縫集成，但須遵守《中央銀行法》的修正案。推薦的型號是基於令牌的，無需智慧型手機即可透過藍牙或近場通訊 (NFC) 進行離線傳輸。這與目前的電子支付選項形成對比。

Open programmability and smart contracts offer potential benefits, but the study acknowledges the trade-off with privacy and security. The BNR anticipates "partial pseudo-anonymity" for the CBDC.

開放可編程性和智能合約提供了潛在的好處，但研究承認需要在隱私和安全之間進行權衡。 BNR 預計 CBDC 將實現「部分偽匿名」。

Payment service providers currently account for less than 0.9% of Rwanda's financial sector, facing challenges such as low financial literacy, high remittance costs, and a significant informal economy. The BNR believes reducing cash in circulation could formalize more of the economy.

目前，支付服務供應商在盧安達金融部門的佔比不到0.9%，面臨金融知識水準低、匯款成本高、非正規經濟嚴重等挑戰。法國央行認為，減少流通中的現金可以使經濟更加正規化。

The study recommends user fees and holding limits, but details are yet to be defined. Public acceptance of the CBDC remains an open question.

該研究建議了使用費和持有限額，但細節尚未確定。大眾對 CBDC 的接受程度仍然是一個懸而未決的問題。

BNR favors a distributed database model for reliability, utilizing the World Economic Forum's CBDC Policy-Maker Toolkit for analysis.

BNR 傾向於使用分散式資料庫模型來提高可靠性，並利用世界經濟論壇的 CBDC 政策制定者工具包進行分析。

Tokenized wholesale CBDC projects have been explored by Mastercard, Ripple, the European Central Bank, and the Bank for International Settlements' Project Agora. Tokenization in a retail CBDC may represent a novel innovation.

萬事達卡、Ripple、歐洲中央銀行和國際清算銀行的計畫 Agora 都在探索代幣化批發 CBDC 計畫。零售 CBDC 中的代幣化可能代表了一項新穎的創新。

Offline CBDC transfers are also an active research area. China's digital yuan incorporates solutions similar to those proposed by the BNR.

線下 CBDC 轉帳也是一個活躍的研究領域。中國的數位人民幣採用了與 BNR 提出的解決方案類似的解決方案。

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